Nicotine quickly enters your bloodstream. Your liver then breaks down nicotine into several byproducts, primarily cotinine. Depending on what you're testing, such as a blood, urine, saliva, or hair ...

As a clinician who treats veterans struggling with trauma, mental illness, and addiction, I’m careful about language. Words ...

Nicotine withdrawal induces behavioral symptoms such as tremors and shaking. Suppressing striatal cholinergic interneurons or administering the muscarinic antagonist Procyclidine significantly reduces ...